Word Study: Word study is an instructional approach that involves teaching students about the patterns and rules of the English language, including phonics, word families, prefixes and suffixes, and spelling rules. Word study can help students develop strong decoding and spelling skills, which are essential for reading and writing proficiency.

Vocabulary Instruction: Explicit vocabulary instruction can help students build their knowledge of words and their meanings. Teachers can introduce new words, provide definitions and examples, and encourage students to use the words in context. Additionally, teachers can help students develop strategies for inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words based on context clues.

Comprehension Strategies: Teachers can teach specific comprehension strategies, such as making connections, questioning, predicting, summarizing, and visualizing, to help students understand and make meaning from text. These strategies can be explicitly taught and modeled, and then practiced and reinforced through independent reading and discussion.

Writing Instruction: Writing instruction can help students develop their literacy skills by providing opportunities for them to practice reading, writing, and editing. Teachers can provide explicit instruction on the writing process, including prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Additionally, teachers can provide feedback and support to help students improve their writing skills.

Content-Area Literacy Instruction: Content-area literacy instruction involves teaching students the specific reading and writing skills that are necessary for success in different subject areas, such as science, social studies, and math. Teachers can provide explicit instruction on subject-specific vocabulary, text structures, and comprehension strategies to help students understand and engage with content-area texts.

Independent Reading: Providing students with time to read independently can help them develop their literacy skills by allowing them to practice reading fluency, build their vocabulary, and engage with a variety of texts. Teachers can provide support and guidance by selecting texts that are appropriate for each student's reading level and interests and by encouraging students to reflect on their reading experiences.